<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Technique and technology of silicates</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Technique and technology of silicates</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Техника и технология силикатов</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2076-0655</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">105393</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.62980/2076-0655-2025-272-282</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">sijkvs</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ОСНОВНАЯ РУБРИКА</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>MAIN RUBRIC</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ОСНОВНАЯ РУБРИКА</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">INFLUENCE OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC MODIFIERS ON THE FORMATION OF  THE STRUCTURE OF SELF-COMPACING CONCRETE</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ И ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ МОДИФИКАТОРОВ НА  ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ САМОУПЛОТНЯЮЩИХСЯ БЕТОНОВ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ларсен</surname>
       <given-names>Оксана Александровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Larsen</surname>
       <given-names>Oksana Aleksandrovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Национальный исселовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ)</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">ФГБОУ ВО Национальный исселовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ)</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>32</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>272</fpage>
   <lpage>282</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-04T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>04</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-18T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>18</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://tsilicates.ru/en/nauka/article/105393/view">https://tsilicates.ru/en/nauka/article/105393/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В статье приведен анализ современных методик для разработки составов самоуплотняющихся бетонов, которые получили значительное распространение в последние десятилетия. Показана роль тонкодисперсных активных и инертных минеральных добавок природного и искусственного происхождения, применяемых для увеличения текучести и снижения водоотделения самоуплотняющихся бетонных смесей. Установлено, что применение минеральных добавок позволяет заполнить межзерновое пространство портландцементного клинкера, повысить плотность бетона и степень гидратации вяжущего. Приведен механизм действия комплексной химической добавки на основе эфиров поликарбоксилатов, пеногасителей и воздухововлекающего компонента. Показано, что введение пластифицирующих добавок в состав любых бетонных смесей приводит к значительному воздухововлечению, которое особенно проявляется в присутствии эфиров поликарбоксилатов. Снижение воздухововлечения достигается введением пеногасителей, способствующих не только удалению вовлеченного воздуха, но и приводящих к увеличению подвижности бетонной смеси и уменьшению расхода пластификатора. Присутствие добавок воздухововлекающего действия при-водит не только к образованию значительного количества эмульгированного воздуха в системе, препятствуя разрушению воздушных пузырьков и являясь источником образования в бетоне «резервных» условно-замкнутых пор, но и стабилизирует свойства бетонных смесей, что проявляется в снижении седиментации и сохранении их слитной структуры.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article presents the analysis of modern techniques for the development of self-compacting concrete mixtures, which have become widespread in recent decades. The role of finely dispersed active and inert mineral additives of natural and artificial origin used to increase flowability and reduce bleeding of self-compacting concrete mixtures is shown. It has been established that the use of mineral additives makes it possible to fill the intergranular space of Portland cement clinker, increase the density of concrete and the degree of hydration of the binder. The mechanism of action of a complex chemical additive based on polycarboxylate esters, defoamers and an air-entraining component is given. It is shown that the introduction of plasticizing additives into the composition of any concrete mixtures leads to significant air entrain-ment, which is especially evident in the presence of polycarboxylate esters. The reduction of air entrainment is achieved by the introduction of defoamers, which contribute not only to the removal of entrained air, but also lead to an increase in the flowability of the concrete mixture and a decrease in plasticizer consumption. The presence of air-entraining additives leads not only to the formation of a significant amount of emulsified air in the system, preventing the destruction of air bubbles and being a source of formation of conditionally closed pores that act as a &quot;reserve&quot; in concrete, but also stabilizes the properties of concrete mixtures, which is manifested in reducing segregation and maintaining their coherent structure.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>самоуплотняющийся бетон</kwd>
    <kwd>текучесть самоуплотняющихся бетонных смесей</kwd>
    <kwd>водоотделение</kwd>
    <kwd>комплексная химическая добавка</kwd>
    <kwd>эфиры поликарбоксилатов</kwd>
    <kwd>пеногаситель</kwd>
    <kwd>воздухововлекающий компонент</kwd>
    <kwd>структура самоуплотняющегося бетона</kwd>
    <kwd>пористость.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>self-compacting concrete</kwd>
    <kwd>flowability of self-compacting concrete mixtures</kwd>
    <kwd>bleeding</kwd>
    <kwd>complex chemical additive</kwd>
    <kwd>polycarboxylate ethers</kwd>
    <kwd>defoamer</kwd>
    <kwd>air-entraining component</kwd>
    <kwd>structure of self-compacting concrete</kwd>
    <kwd>porosity.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в НИУ МГСУ в рамках реализации Программы развития университета «ПРИОРИТЕТ 2030». Проект 3.1 «Научный прорыв в строительной отрасли – новые технологии, новые материалы, новые методы».</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out at NIU MSCU within the framework of the University Development Program “PRIORITY 2030”. Project 3.1 “Scientific breakthrough in the construction industry - new technologies, new materials, new methods”</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sonebi M., Yahia A. Mix design procedure, tests, and stand-ards. In book: Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties, and Applications. - 2020. - Pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817369-5.00001-5.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sonebi M., Yahia A. Mix design procedure, tests, and stand-ards. In book: Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties, and Applications. - 2020. - Pp. 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817369-5.00001-5.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Concrete Modification for Hot Weather Using Crushed Dolo-mite Stone / S. V. Samchenko, O. A. Larsen, I. V. Kozlova [et al.] // Buildings. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 10. – P. 2462. – https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102462 – EDN MGPLFU.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Concrete Modification for Hot Weather Using Crushed Dolo-mite Stone / S. V. Samchenko, O. A. Larsen, I. V. Kozlova [et al.] // Buildings. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 10. – P. 2462. – https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102462 – EDN MGPLFU.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самченко С.В., Александрова О.В., Гуркин А.Ю. Свойства цементных композитов на основе известняка в зависимости от его гранулометрического состава // Вестник МГСУ. - 2020. - №15. - С. 999-1006.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samchenko S.V., Aleksandrova O.V., Gurkin A.Yu. Svoystva cementnyh kompozitov na osnove izvestnyaka v zavisimosti ot ego granulometricheskogo sostava // Vestnik MGSU. - 2020. - №15. - S. 999-1006.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самоуплотняющийся бетон с компенсированной усадкой c использованием материалов из бетонного лома / С. В. Сам-ченко, В. В. Воронин, О. А. Ларсен, В. В. Наруть // Известия высших учебных заведений. Строительство. – 2021. – № 2(746). – С. 71-78. – https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2021-746-2-71-78 – EDN EYNTLL.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samouplotnyayuschiysya beton s kompensirovannoy usadkoy c ispol'zovaniem materialov iz betonnogo loma / S. V. Sam-chenko, V. V. Voronin, O. A. Larsen, V. V. Narut' // Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedeniy. Stroitel'stvo. – 2021. – № 2(746). – S. 71-78. – https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2021-746-2-71-78 – EDN EYNTLL.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларсен О.А., Солодов А.А., Наруть В.В., Бутенко К.А., Веселов В.К. Исследование свойств тонкодисперсных матери-алов для получения самоуплотняющегося бетона // Техника и технология силикатов. - 2022. - Т. 29. - № 4. С. 359 – 368.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen O.A., Solodov A.A., Narut' V.V., Butenko K.A., Veselov V.K. Issledovanie svoĭstv tonkodispersnyh materi-alov dlya polucheniya samouplotnyayuschegosya betona // Tehnika i tehnologiya silikatov. - 2022. - T. 29. - № 4. S. 359 – 368.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pera J., Husson S., Guilhot B. Influence of finely ground lime-stone on cement hydration // Cement and Concrete Composites. -  1999. - Vol. 21. - Pp. 99–105.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pera J., Husson S., Guilhot B. Influence of finely ground lime-stone on cement hydration // Cement and Concrete Composites. -  1999. - Vol. 21. - Pp. 99–105.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balakrishnan S.D., Paulose K.C. Workability and strength char-acteristics of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and dolomite powder. American Journal Engineering Research. - 2013. - Vol. 24. - Pp. 43–47.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balakrishnan S.D., Paulose K.C. Workability and strength char-acteristics of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and dolomite powder. American Journal Engineering Research. - 2013. - Vol. 24. - Pp. 43–47.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lothenbach B., Le Saout G., Gallucci E., Scrivener K. Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2008. - №38. - Pp. 848–860.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lothenbach B., Le Saout G., Gallucci E., Scrivener K. Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2008. - №38. - Pp. 848–860.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларсен О.А., Солодов А.А., Бахрах А.М. Исследование влияния пеногасителей на основные свойства пластифициро-ванного цементного теста // Строительные материалы. - 2025. - № 3. - С. 74–81. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2025-833-3-74-81</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen O.A., Solodov A.A., Bahrah A.M. Issledovanie vliyaniya penogasiteley na osnovnye svoystva plastificiro-vannogo cementnogo testa // Stroitel'nye materialy. - 2025. - № 3. - S. 74–81. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2025-833-3-74-81</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibrahim, R., Ahmad, S., Ghazal, A., Al-kroom, H. and Elrah-man, M. (2025) Studying the role of fine materials characteristics on the packing density and rheological properties of blended ce-ment pastes. Applied Rheology. - Vol. 35 (Issue 1). - Pp. 20250035. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2025-0035</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibrahim, R., Ahmad, S., Ghazal, A., Al-kroom, H. and Elrah-man, M. (2025) Studying the role of fine materials characteristics on the packing density and rheological properties of blended ce-ment pastes. Applied Rheology. - Vol. 35 (Issue 1). - Pp. 20250035. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2025-0035</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosmatka S., Wilson M. Design and Control of Concrete Mix-tures. The Portland Cement Association, Scokie, Illinois, USA. 2016.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosmatka S., Wilson M. Design and Control of Concrete Mix-tures. The Portland Cement Association, Scokie, Illinois, USA. 2016.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen O., Samchenko S., Naruts V. Blended binder based on Portland cement and recycled concrete powder // Magazine of Civil Engineering. - 2022. - 113(5). - Article No. 11305</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen O., Samchenko S., Naruts V. Blended binder based on Portland cement and recycled concrete powder // Magazine of Civil Engineering. - 2022. - 113(5). - Article No. 11305</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калмакова П.С., Ларсен О.А. Влияние микронаполнителя на основе вулканического туфа на основные свойства смешан-ного вяжущего. В сборнике: Актуальные проблемы строи-тельной отрасли и образования - 2024. Сборник докладов V Национальной научной конференции. Москва. - 2025. - С. 181-186.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalmakova P.S., Larsen O.A. Vliyanie mikronapolnitelya na osnove vulkanicheskogo tufa na osnovnye svoystva smeshan-nogo vyazhuschego. V sbornike: Aktual'nye problemy stroi-tel'noy otrasli i obrazovaniya - 2024. Sbornik dokladov V Nacional'noy nauchnoy konferencii. Moskva. - 2025. - S. 181-186.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsen O.A., Samchenko S.V., Zemskova O.V., Korshunov A.V., Solodov A.A. Self-Compacting Mixtures of Fair-Faced Concrete Based on GGBFS and a Multicomponent Chemical Ad-mixture Technological and Rheological Properties. Buildings. - 2024, 14,3545.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen O.A., Samchenko S.V., Zemskova O.V., Korshunov A.V., Solodov A.A. Self-Compacting Mixtures of Fair-Faced Concrete Based on GGBFS and a Multicomponent Chemical Ad-mixture Technological and Rheological Properties. Buildings. - 2024, 14,3545.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рекомендации по подбору составов бетонных смесей для тяжелых и мелкозернистых бетонов. Методическое пособие. НИИЖБ им. А. А. Гвоздева АО «НИЦ «Строительство». Москва. - 2016. - С. 100.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rekomendacii po podboru sostavov betonnyh smeseĭ dlya tyazhelyh i melkozernistyh betonov. Metodicheskoe posobie. NIIZhB im. A. A. Gvozdeva AO «NIC «Stroitel'stvo». Moskva. - 2016. - S. 100.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самченко, С. В. Влияние дисперсности шлакового компо-нента на свойства шлакопортландцемента / С. В. Самченко, О. В. Земскова, И. В. Козлова // Техника и технология силикатов. – 2016. – Т. 23, № 2. – С. 19-23. – EDN WAOLWF.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samchenko, S. V. Vliyanie dispersnosti shlakovogo kompo-nenta na svoystva shlakoportlandcementa / S. V. Samchenko, O. V. Zemskova, I. V. Kozlova // Tehnika i tehnologiya silikatov. – 2016. – T. 23, № 2. – S. 19-23. – EDN WAOLWF.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsivilis S., Chaniotakis E., Badogiannis E., Pahoulas G., Ilias A. A study on the parameters affecting the properties of Portland limestone cements // Cement and Concrete Composites. - 1999. - № 21. - Pp. 107-116.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsivilis S., Chaniotakis E., Badogiannis E., Pahoulas G., Ilias A. A study on the parameters affecting the properties of Portland limestone cements // Cement and Concrete Composites. - 1999. - № 21. - Pp. 107-116.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moosberg-Bustnes H., Lagerblad B., Forssberg E. The func-tion of fillers in concrete // Materials and Structures. - 2004. - Vol. 37. - Pp 74-81.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moosberg-Bustnes H., Lagerblad B., Forssberg E. The func-tion of fillers in concrete // Materials and Structures. - 2004. - Vol. 37. - Pp 74-81.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахвердов И. Н. Основы физики бетона. Москва: Стройиз-дат, 1981. - 464 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahverdov I. N. Osnovy fiziki betona. Moskva: Stroyiz-dat, 1981. - 464 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларсен О.А., Воронин В.В., Самченко С.В. Критерии оценки структурно-технологических характеристик бетона // Техника и технология силикатов. - 2023. - Т. 30, No 2. - С. 129-143.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsen O.A., Voronin V.V., Samchenko S.V. Kriterii ocenki strukturno-tehnologicheskih harakteristik betona // Tehnika i tehnologiya silikatov. - 2023. - T. 30, No 2. - S. 129-143.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plank J., Sakai E., Miao C.W., Yu C., Hong J.X. Chemical admixtures — Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability // Cement and Concrete Research. 2015. – Vol. 78. Pp. 81–99.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plank J., Sakai E., Miao C.W., Yu C., Hong J.X. Chemical admixtures — Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability // Cement and Concrete Research. 2015. – Vol. 78. Pp. 81–99.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelardi G., Mantellato S., Marchon D., Palacios M., Eberhardt A. B., Flatt, R. J. Chemistry of Chemical Admixtures. Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. 2016. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 149-218.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelardi G., Mantellato S., Marchon D., Palacios M., Eberhardt A. B., Flatt, R. J. Chemistry of Chemical Admixtures. Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. 2016. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 149-218.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батраков В. Г. Модифицированные бетоны. Теория и прак-тика. Москва, 1998. - 768 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batrakov V. G. Modificirovannye betony. Teoriya i prak-tika. Moskva, 1998. - 768 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Kong X. Correlations of the dispersing capability of NSF and PCE types of superplasticizer and their impacts on ce-ment hydration with the adsorption in fresh cement pastes // Ce-ment and Concrete Research. - 2015. - Vol. 69. - Pp. 1-9.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Kong X. Correlations of the dispersing capability of NSF and PCE types of superplasticizer and their impacts on ce-ment hydration with the adsorption in fresh cement pastes // Ce-ment and Concrete Research. - 2015. - Vol. 69. - Pp. 1-9.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakai E., Kasuga T., Sugiyama T. et al. Influence of superplas-ticizers on the hydration of cement and the pore structure of hardened cement // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2006. - Vol.36 (11). - Pp. 2049-2053.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakai E., Kasuga T., Sugiyama T. et al. Influence of superplas-ticizers on the hydration of cement and the pore structure of hardened cement // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2006. - Vol.36 (11). - Pp. 2049-2053.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rath S., Ouchi M. Effective Mixing Method for Stability of Air Content in Fresh Mortar of Self-Compacting Concrete in Terms of Air Diameter // Internet Journal for Society for Social Management Systems. - 2015. - Is. 10, Vol. 1. - Pp. 15-6550.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rath S., Ouchi M. Effective Mixing Method for Stability of Air Content in Fresh Mortar of Self-Compacting Concrete in Terms of Air Diameter // Internet Journal for Society for Social Management Systems. - 2015. - Is. 10, Vol. 1. - Pp. 15-6550.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazniewska-Piekarczyk B. Influence of anti-foaming admixture and polycarboxylic superplasticizer type on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting mortar // Architecture civil engineer-ing environment, The Silesian University of Technology - 2010. - No. 4. - Pp. 61-71.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazniewska-Piekarczyk B. Influence of anti-foaming admixture and polycarboxylic superplasticizer type on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting mortar // Architecture civil engineer-ing environment, The Silesian University of Technology - 2010. - No. 4. - Pp. 61-71.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стольников В. В., Р. Е. Литвинова. Трещиностойкость бетона. Москва: Энергия, 1972. - 113 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stol'nikov V. V., R. E. Litvinova. Treschinostoykost' betona. Moskva: Energiya, 1972. - 113 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кунцевич О. В. Бетоны высокой морозостойкости для сооружений Крайнего Севера. Ленинград: Стройиздат: Ле-нингр. отделение, 1983. - 131 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuncevich O. V. Betony vysokoy morozostoykosti dlya sooruzheniy Kraynego Severa. Leningrad: Stroyizdat: Le-ningr. otdelenie, 1983. - 131 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powers T.C., Helmuth R.A. Theory of volume changes in hardened cement paste during freezing, Highw. Res. Board Proc. - 1953. - Vol. 32. - Pp. 285–297.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powers T.C., Helmuth R.A. Theory of volume changes in hardened cement paste during freezing, Highw. Res. Board Proc. - 1953. - Vol. 32. - Pp. 285–297.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ребиндер П. А. Поверхностно-активные вещества. Москва: Знание, 1961. - 46 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rebinder P. A. Poverhnostno-aktivnye veschestva. Moskva: Znanie, 1961. - 46 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стольников В. В. Воздухововлекающие добавки в гидро-техническом бетоне. Ленинград: Госэнергоиздат, 1953. - 168 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stol'nikov V. V. Vozduhovovlekayuschie dobavki v gidro-tehnicheskom betone. Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1953. - 168 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du L., Folliard K.J. Mechanisms of air entrainment in concrete // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2005. - Vol. 35. - Pp. 1463–1471.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du L., Folliard K.J. Mechanisms of air entrainment in concrete // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2005. - Vol. 35. - Pp. 1463–1471.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tunstall L. E., Tyler Ley M., Scherer G. W. Air entraining admixtures: Mechanisms, evaluations, and interactions // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2021. - Vol. 150. - P. 106557.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tunstall L. E., Tyler Ley M., Scherer G. W. Air entraining admixtures: Mechanisms, evaluations, and interactions // Cement and Concrete Research. - 2021. - Vol. 150. - P. 106557.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
